Resumo O painel MDF pode sofrer mudanças dimensionais, o que compromete seu desempenho. Uma forma de melhorar o desempenho do painel é incorporar nanopartículas. A presente pesquisa estudou o efeito do uso de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco em diferentes teores (0%, 0,5% e 1,0%) em painéis MDF fabricados com resina ureia-formaldeído (UF), resina melamina-formaldeído (MF) e fibras de Eucalyptusgrandis. Também avaliou o uso de modelos de regressão para estimar propriedades físicas e mecânicas em função do adesivo utilizado e do teor de ZnO incorporado. Os tratamentos com resina MF apresentaram melhor desempenho quando comparados com os tratamentos que utilizaram adesivo UF. O teor ótimo para adição de nanopartículas foi o de 0,5%. O teor de 1,0% levou ao aumento no teor de umidade, ao inchamento e à diminuição dos valores de MOR e MOE, o que pode ser justificado pela cura acelerada e pelo superaquecimento das camadas externas, prejudicando a cura das camadas interiores. O modelo com maior precisão foi o estimador da densidade aparente, sendo os fatores resina, ZnO e interação significativos.

Abstract MDF panels can undergo dimensional changes, compromising their performance. One way to improve the performance of the panel is to incorporate nanoparticles. This study analysed the effect of using zinc oxide nanoparticles at different levels (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) in MDF panels manufactured with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) and Eucalyptus grandis fibres. It also evaluated the use of regression models to estimate physical and mechanical properties as a function of the adhesive used and the content of incorporated ZnO. Treatments using MF resin presented a better performance than treatments using UF adhesive. The optimal content of nanoparticles addition was 0.5%. The 1.0% content led to an increase in moisture content, swelling and a decrease in MOR and MOE values, possibly caused by an accelerated curing and overheating of the outer layers, affecting the curing of the inner layers. The most accurate model was the bulk density estimator, with resin, ZnO and interaction factors being the most significant.

Abstract: Oriented Strand Board is a structural wood composite with applications that require good physical and mechanical performance. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles is an alternative that has been studied in order to improve the properties of Oriented Strand Board panels. However, there is no information about its effect Oriented Strand Board. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles in two different percentages (0,25 % and 0,50 %) on the physical-mechanical properties of Oriented Strand Board panels produced with phenol-formaldehyde resin and on the heat transfer during hot-pressing. Oriented Strand Board panels were produced and tested according to European Standards. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles improved the dimensional stability of the panel, reducing its thickness swelling, and also increased the screw withdraw strength. The heat transfer during hot-pressing increased the temperature more quickly on boards with nanoparticles addition; on the other hand the final temperature of the control treatment was higher.

ABSTRACT To simplify the characterization of wood species, the Brazilian standard document ABNT NBR 7190-1 (2022) establishes the determination of mechanical properties employing the characteristic strength in the compression parallel to grain (fc0,k). This mechanical property is estimated using the linear relation given by the following expression fv0,k = 0.12·fc0,k Brazilian and European standard documents support the estimation of fv0,k using relations among properties. However, the European guidelines in the EN 384 (2019) have used the conventional characteristic strength in the static bending test (fM,k). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the ratio fv0,k = 0.12·fc0,k for adopting 30 hardwoods. The variance analysis results demonstrate the divergence among the experimental outcomes and those values estimated using the relation cited. Therefore, regression models at two parameters were considered to obtain more accurate estimates of fv0,k by adopting fc0,k, and fM,k as independent variables. Regarding the results, the geometric (R² = 80.80%) and linear (R² = 74.19%) models were the most accurate for the estimates of fv0,k in terms of fc0,k, and fM,k, respectively. This fact evinces the good accuracy of the models under consideration, which may provide a more rigorous structural design compared to the correlation currently prescribed by the ABNT NBR 7190-1 (2022).

RESUMO Para simplificar a caracterização de espécies de madeira, o documento normativo brasileiro ABNT NBR 7190-1 (2022) estabelece a determinação de propriedades mecânicas por meio da resistência característica na compressão paralela às fibras (fc0,k). Essa propriedade mecânica é estimada utilizando-se da relação linear dada pela expressão a seguir fv0,k = 0.12·fc0,k. Ambos os documentos normativos europeu e brasileiro prescrevem a estimativa da fv0,k empregando-se relações entre propriedades, embora as diretrizes da europeia contidas na EN 384 (2019) utilize a resistência característica convencional obtida no teste de flexão estática (fM,k). Assim, esse estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a eficiência da relação fv0,k = 0.12·fc0,k para 30 espécies folhosas. Os resultados da análise de variância demonstram a divergência entre os resultados experimentais e aqueles estimados utilizando-se da relação citada. Portanto, modelos de regressão em função de dois parâmetros foram considerados para se obter estimativas mais precisas da fv0,k através da adoção da fc0,k e fM,k como variáveis independentes. Com relação aos resultados, os modelos geométrico (R² = 80.80%) e linear (R² = 74.19%) foram os mais precisos para a estimativa da fv0,k em termos da fc0,k e fM,k, respectivamente. Este fato evidencia a boa precisão dos modelos em questão, o que pode proporcionar um dimensionamento estrutural mais rigoroso quando comparado à correlação atualmente prescrita pela ABNT NBR 7190-1 (2022).

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the dietary supplementation of ginger Zingiber officinale essential oil for the Neotropical catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, its effects on fish hematology, immunology, the response of these variables to induction of stress (exposition to air for 3 min), and a bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, and the effects on liver histomorphometry. Three levels of the ginger essential oil were evaluated (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) in addition to a control group (0%) in a feeding trial for 65 days in triplicate. Fish hematology and immunology were assessed at five different moments: after the feeding trial (0), after the stress induction (stress), and three points after the bacterial challenge (3, 6 and 24 h post-challenge). Fish fed the ginger essential oil supplemented diets did not exhibit significant differences between the hematocrit at the 0-sample point and the 24 h post-challenge point (P ≥ 0.05), while fish fed the control diet presented significantly lower values for the hematocrit when comparing those same two moments (P < 0.05). The thrombocytes count for fish fed the 0.5% essential oil supplemented diet was significantly higher than all other groups after the feeding trial (P < 0.05), and their total leukocytes count after the stress induction was also significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Although the results mentioned above indicate that the ginger essential oil had positive health effects on the fish, no significant differences in survival after the challenge with A. hydrophila were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Lastly, histomorphometry suggests that the essential oil did not negatively impact fish hepatocytes.

Resumo Painéis OSSB (Oriented Structural Straw Board) são compósitos produzidos com palha proveniente de resíduos agrícolas e utilizando de adesivo sem formaldeído, cuja principal aplicação se volta para a construção civil como material de fechamento e forros. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do teor de poliuretano no adesivo sobre propriedades físicas e mecânicas do OSSB produzido com SbS (palha de soja) localmente disponível. Quatro composições de poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona (6%, 9%, 12% e 15%, em relação à massa de palha) foram testadas. Painéis OSSB foram avaliados de acordo com os padrões europeus para compósitos à base de madeira; também, uma caracterização física e química da SbS foi realizada. A SbS possui formato irregular, o que reduziu o desempenho mecânico do OSSB devido à baixa densificação do compósito e ao desenvolvimento de trincas transversais na SbS após o processo de fabricação do compósito. O desempenho em testes de flexão estática e inchamento de espessura do OSSB não foi melhorado pelo aumento do teor de adesivo de poliuretano. A SbS apresentou baixo teor de cinzas (menos que 4.3%) e pH neutro, isto indica que estas propriedades químicas provavelmente não afetaram na cura do adesivo.

Abstract Oriented Structural Straw Board (OSSB) panels are composites made from straw originally from agricultural residues and non-formaldehyde based adhesive, whose main application is for construction as a closing and ceiling material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the polyurethane adhesive content on physical and mechanical properties of OSSB produced with locally available SbS (soybean straw). Four castor oil based polyurethane ratios (6%, 9%, 12% and 15%, by mass of the SbS) were tested. OSSB was evaluated according to European standards for wood-based composites; also, a physical and chemical characterization of the SbS was performed. SbS has an irregular shape, which reduced the OSSB mechanical performance due to the low densification of the composite and the development of transversal cracks on the SbS after the OSSB manufacturing process. The static bending and thickness swelling performance of SbS OSSB was not improved by the increase of polyurethane adhesive content. SbS low ash content and neutral pH extractives indicates that probably its chemical properties should not affect the setting of the adhesive.

ABSTRACT The use of nanoparticles appears to be a feasible option for improving the quality of a range of wood-based products. Studies show that they can improve both the physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood-based products. This preliminary study aimed to analyze the influence of SiO2 nanoparticles on the physical and mechanical properties of wood particleboard. To this end that, panels were produced without the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles and with the addition of 4% by mass of the urea formaldehyde adhesive used for its production. The results showed that panels produced with the nanoparticles 42% reduction in thickness swelling of the panel. Therefore, the dimensional stability of the panels without decreasing mechanical properties, even when used in small proportions.

Eucalyptus bark is a waste generated in large volume and has been used as a source of energy. This study tries to use the Eucalyptus sp. bark as a source of raw material for the charcoal production and to study the influence of pyrolysis temperatures on charcoal properties. Charcoal was produced at different temperatures: 300, 400 and 500 °C, and their properties were determined by proximate analysis, higher heating value and thermogravimetric analysis. It was observed that higher pyrolysis temperature resulted in increase of the fixed carbon content and higher heating value. In the thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry curves it was possible to determine the differences in the thermal stability of charcoal produced. It can be concluded that the eucalyptus bark charcoal is an alternative for the energy reutilization of this waste and also can be used as charcoal for heating.

Resumo Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a influência do período de exposição ao intemperismo (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 meses), do tipo de agente preservante (CCA ou CCB) e do tipo de revestimento superficial (resina à base de óleo de mamona ou à base de água com filtro solar) nos valores da rugosidade (Ra) de painéis de partículas fabricados com madeira de Pinus sp. e resina poliuretana à base de mamona, assim como, investigar a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade em função dos valores dos parâmetros colorimétricos (L*, a* e b*). Os valores de rugosidade (entre 0,07 e 2,82 µm) foram inferiores a 12,5 µm, o que categoriza os painéis produzidos na classe N10 da norma ABNT NBR 8404 (1984), evidenciando assim, a potencialidade dos compósitos fabricados. O uso do revestimento com resina poliuretana forneceu os menores valores da rugosidade, além disso, as rugosidades dos painéis envelhecidos durante os quatro meses foram estatisticamente equivalentes, o que demonstra o bom desempenho dos materiais fabricados quanto às intempéries, e a boa qualidade obtida dos modelos de regressão multivariáveis (R2 = 77,02%) evidenciam a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade por meio de parâmetros colorimétricos.

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the period of exposure (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months), the type of preservative agent (CCA and CCB) and the surface coating type (castor oil based polyurethane resin; water-based open pore coating with sunscreen) in the roughness values (Ra) of particleboards manufactured with wood Pinus sp.and castor oil based polyurethane resin, as well as to investigate the possibility of roughness estimation as a function of the measurements of colorimetric parameters (L*, a* and b*). The results of the roughness values (between 0.07 µm and 2.82 µm) were lower than 12.5 µm, which categorizes the panels produced in the N10 class of ABNT NBR 8404 (1984) standard, thus showing the potentiality of the composites manufactured. The use of the castor oil based polyurethane resin coating gave the lowest values of roughness and the roughness values of the aged panels during the four months were statistically equivalent, evidencing the good performance of the fabricated materials. The good quality obtained from the multivariable regression models (R2 = 77.02%) show the possibility of estimating the roughness by colorimetric parameters.

RESUMO O compensado é um painel de madeira que pode ser utilizado tanto na indústria moveleira quanto na construção civil, devido ao seu uso estrutural. Entretanto, para ser utilizado na construção civil, o compensado necessita ser resistente aos agentes xilófagos e à umidade, sem comprometer suas propriedades mecânicas. Nesse aspecto, a termorretificação surge como uma alternativa de tratamento, que aumenta a resistência da madeira ao ataque de fungos e a sua estabilidade dimensional. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da termorretificação na qualidade de colagem de lâminas de madeira para a produção de compensado. Para isso, foram realizados os testes de molhabilidade utilizando o goniômetro digital, para lâminas tratadas nas três temperaturas e na amostra de controle. Além disso, foi realizado, o ensaio de cisalhamento na linha de cola, para testar a qualidade da colagem segundo a ABNT NBR ISO 12466-1 (2006). Com os resultados obtidos pode-se perceber que a superfície da madeira tratada se tornou mais hidrofóbica com o aumento da temperatura, e isso resultou também na diminuição da resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola, pois o adesivo utilizado (fenol-formaldeído) é à base de água, contudo, os requisitos normativos foram atendidos.

ABSTRACT Plywood is a wood panel that can be used both in the furniture industry and in construction due to its structural use. However, to be used in construction, it needs to be resistant against wood decay agents and water, without compromising its mechanical properties. The heat treatment is an alternative treatment which improves the wood resistance to fungi and improves its dimensional stability. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the heat treatment with three different temperatures, 160, 180 and 200°C in the wettability of wood veneers and the shear strength in the bond line of the plywood produced with them. To do so, it was carried out the wettability testing using digital goniometer in the treated veneers at three temperatures and for the control specimen. Besides, it was carried out the shear strength in the bond line test, for testing the quality of bonding according to ABNT NBR ISO 12466-1 (2006). Because of the results obtained, it could be seen that the surface of the treated wood became more hydrophobic with increasing temperature, and this also resulted in a decrease in shear strength in the bond line, once the adhesive used (phenol-formaldehyde) is water based, however, the regulatory requirements have been met.

This study evaluated the physical and mechanical characteristics of particleboards made of bamboo waste from the species Dendrocalamus giganteus bonded with two different types of adhesives: urea-formaldehyde (UF) and a castor oil based adhesive (M). Thus, eight types of particleboards were produced in the proportions of 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% for each adhesive. The results showed that particleboards produced with UF and M adhesives had acceptable behavior for physical tests according to the Brazilian standard NBR 14810. The results attained in mechanical tests (MOR and MOE), for all particleboards, were below the requirements for structural usage. This indicates that the residue of bamboo is a feasible raw material alternative for particleboards produced for non structural purposes, such as liners, partitions and other uses for internal seal. Regarding the adhesives, the particleboards produced with UF particleboards showed superior results for both physical and mechanical characteristics, when compared to M particleboards with the same percentage of adhesive.

Objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento de carcaça de surubins Pseudoplatystoma spp. produzidos em tanque-rede e viveiro. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (tanque-rede e viveiro) e vinte repetições. Os surubins com peso total médio de 0,839 ± 0,181kg e 0,983 ± 0,108kg para tanque-rede e viveiro, respectivamente, foram sacrificados por choque térmico em gelo para determinação do: rendimento do peixe eviscerado com e sem cabeça (RPECC, RPESC); rendimento de brânquias (RB); rendimento do filé lateral com e sem pele (RFLCP, RFLSP); rendimento do filé abdominal com e sem pele (RFACP, RFASP); rendimento de cabeça (RC); rendimento de pele (RP); rendimento de resíduos (RR). Entre as variáveis estudadas foi verificada diferença estatística apenas para o RB, cujas médias foram de 3,79 ± 0,38% para produção em tanque-rede e 4,44 ± 0,47% para produção em viveiro. O RC do surubim representou 15,46 ± 0,97% e 15,83 ± 1,04% para a produção em tanque-rede e viveiro, respectivamente. Para RPECC os valores foram de 89,98 ± 1,06% para produção em tanque-rede e 89,40 ± 4,90% para produção em viveiro. Os valores de RFLSP e RFASP para produção em tanque-rede foram de 31,15 ± 1,78%; 9,01 ± 0,50% respectivamente, e para produção em viveiro foram de 30,14 ± 1,75%; 8,83 ± 0,51%. Surubins Pseudoplatystoma spp. produzidos em tanque-rede e viveiro apresentam rendimentos de carcaça semelhantes.

This study aimed to evaluate the carcass yield of surubins Pseudoplatystoma spp. produced in cage and fishponds. Adopted was a completely randomized design with two treatments (cages and fishponds) and twenty repetitions. The surubins with a total weight average 0.839 ± 0.181kg and 0.983 ± 0.108kg cages and fishponds respectively, were sacrificed by thermal shock on ice for determining: yields of eviscerated fish with and with no head (YEFWH; YFWNH); yield of gills (YG); yield of the lateral fillet with and with no skin (YLFWS; YLFWNS) yield of the abdominal fillet with and with no skin (YAFWS; YAFWNS), yield of head (YH), yield of skin (YS), yield of viscera (YV) yield of residues (YR). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. Among the variables analyzed, there was a statistical difference only for YG, with averages of 3.79 ± 0.38% for production in cages and 4.44 ± 0.47% for production fishponds. The YH surubim represented 15.46 ± 0.97% and 15.83 ± 1.04% for production in cages and fishpond, respectively. For the eviscerated fish with head yield values were 89.98 ± 1.06% production in cages and 89.40 ± 4.90% for production in fishpond. The values of YLFWNS and YAFWNS production in cages were 31.15 ± 1.78%, 9.01 ± 0.50%, respectively, and for production in fishponds were 30.14 ± 1.75%; 8.83 ± 0.51%. Surubins Pseudoplatystoma spp. produced in cages and fishponds have carcass yield similar.

RESUMO Estudos sobre novos adesivos ou resinas para colagem de madeira e derivados estão sendo realizados com a intenção de melhorar suas propriedades, levando em consideração um menor impacto ambiental. Por este motivo, novas formulações de adesivos de acetato de polivinila (PVA) vêm sendo desenvolvidas, pois estes não possuem em sua composição compostos químicos extremamente poluentes e prejudiciais à saúde, como é o caso de resinas à base de formaldeído, que, por sua vez, são as mais comumente utilizadas hoje em dia para a produção de painéis de madeira. Este trabalho testou três formulações diferentes de adesivos PVA, com duas combinações de tempo e temperatura de prensagem, para a produção de painéis compensados de Eucalyptus sp., obtendo bons resultados com relação à resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola, a qual foi superior para os adesivos PVA se comparados com painéis produzidos com ureia e fenol-formaldeído, encontrados na literatura. propriedades ambiental motivo (PVA desenvolvidas saúde formaldeído que vez prensagem sp sp. cola fenolformaldeído, fenolformaldeído fenol fenol-formaldeído literatura

ABSTRACT Studies on new adhesives and resins for bonding wood and wood products are being carried out with the intention to improve their properties, taking into account a lower environmental impact. To this end, new formulations of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesives have been developed, because they have no polluting harmful to health chemicals in their composition, in contrast to formaldehyde-based resins; which in turn are the most commonly used for wood panels production these days. This study tested three different formulations of PVA adhesives, with different pressing times and temperatures for the production of Eucalyptus sp. plywood, obtaining satisfactory results with respect to shear strength at the bondline, which was higher for the PVA adhesives compared to the urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde panels found in the literature. properties impact end (PVA developed composition formaldehydebased formaldehyde based days sp plywood bondline ureaformaldehyde urea phenolformaldehyde phenol literature

Realizou-se análise histológica de brânquias de 15 espécimes de Piaractus mesopotamicus e 19 Prochilodus lineatus coletados de abril a novembro de 2004, no Rio Aquidauana, MS, com intuito de contribuir com achados anatomopatológicos em brânquias dessas espécies de peixes de água doce. Amostras de brânquias foram fixadas em formalina 10%, tamponadas e processadas conforme rotina histológica. Em P. mesopotamicus observou-se presença de monogênea e cistos de mixosporídio da espécie Henneguya piaractus, com localização intralamelar em vários estágios de desenvolvimento, localizados em todas as regiões (basal, mediana ou distal) das lamelas. Cistos intraepiteliais causaram dilatação e deformação das lamelas vizinhas. Em brânquias de P. lineatus, observou-se presença de monogênea. Nas duas espécies de hospedeiro foram registradas hiperplasia do epitélio branquial e desorganização estrutural das lamelas em extensas regiões, alterações que causaram a fusão lamelar. Em poucos casos registrou-se presença de células inflamatórias mononucleares e focos hemorrágicos na região distal das lamelas.

A histological analysis was conducted on the gills of 15 Piaractus mesopotamicus and 19 Prochilodus lineatus specimens collected between April and November 2004 from the Aquidauana River, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central-West Brazil, to describe the anatomopathological characteristics of the gills of these freshwater fish. Gill samples were fixated in 10% buffered formalin and processed following histological routine procedures. The histological examination of the gills of P. mesopotamicus revealed intralamellar monogenean and mixosporean cysts of Henneguya piaractus at several developmental stages over the entire (basal, median and distal) lamella. Intraepithelial cysts caused lamella dilation and deformity of adjacent lamellae. In P. lineatus gills, monogenean cysts were detected. In both host species, hyperplasia of the gill epithelium and structural disorganization of secondary lamellae was seen diffusely in the gills, leading to fused lamellae in the gills. In few cases, there was found mononuclear inflammatory cells and hemorrhagic focal points distally in the lamellae.

In this paper, we showed for the first time that the conserved domains within Schistosoma mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase isoforms, shared with potato apyrase, possess epitopes for the IgG1 and IgG4 subtypes, as 24 (80%) of the 30 schistosomiasis patients were seropositive for this vegetable protein. The analyses for each patient cured (n = 14) after treatment (AT) with praziquantel revealed variable IgG1 and IgG4 reactivity against potato apyrase. Different antigenic epitopes shared between the vegetable and parasite proteins could be involved in susceptibility or resistance to S. mansoni AT with praziquantel and these possibilities should be explored.

Este estudo descreveu a histopatologia de rim, baço e fígado de Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus e Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, parasitados por mixosporídios, capturados no Rio Aquidauana, MS. Após necropsia, amostras do fígado, rim cefálico e baço foram colhidas, fixadas em formalina a 10 % tamponada e processadas de acordo com a rotina histológica. Os cortes foram feitos à espessura de 5 μm e corados com hematoxilina-eosina. Foram encontrados Myxobolus porofilus em P. lineatus, M. colossomatis em P. mesopotamicus e Myxobolus spp. nas três espécies de hospedeiros. Cistos de mixosporídios no exame histopatológico foram vistos no fígado e baço de P. mesopotamicus. Mais de 50% das amostras de fígado de P mesopotamicus e P lineatus apresentou hepatodistrofia difusa. Mais de 80 % das amostras de fígado de P. fasciatum apresentou formações hialinas concêntricas e esteatose em 50% das amostras. Em 95,23 % das amostras de rins de P. mesopotamicus, foram observadas alterações teciduais, e em mais de 60 % dos casos nefrodistrofia difusa moderada e congestão de sinusóides glomerulares. Alterações teciduais nas amostras de rins de P. lineatus foram observadas em menos de 20 % da amostra. No baço dos peixes ora examinados não foram encontradas lesões dignas de relato.

Histological analysis of kidney, spleen and liver of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, infected by myxosporean, caugth in Aquidauana river, MS, was studied. After necropsy, samples of liver, previous kidney and spleen were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and processed followed histological routine methods. Sections of 5 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Myxobolusporofilus, M. colossomatis and were found in P. lineatus, in P. mesopotamicus respectively and Myxobolus spp. Were also found in all three species of fish. Myxosporideans cysts in the liver and spleen of P mesopotamicus were also related. Up to 50% of P mesopotamicus and P lineatus liver samples showed diffuse hepatodistrofy. Liver sections also showed concentric hialin structures in over 80 % of samples and esteatosis in 50% of them. In P mesopotamicus kidney, 95.23 % of them showed tissue changes consisted of 60 % with diffuse moderate nefrodistrofy and congestion of glomerular sinusoids. In P lineatus kidney, 20 % of the samples showed tissues changes. No heavy damage was observed in the fish spleen.